Procedural Language /3GL
1. Direction
Procedural language directs the computer what to and how to do.
2. Learning
It is difficult to learn.
3. Debugging
It is difficult to debug.
4. Requirement
It requires large number of procedural instruction .
5. Uses
It is normally used by professional programmers.
6. Orientation
It is typically file-oriented.
7. Capabilities
Procedural language provides many programming capabilities.
Non-Procedural Language / 4GL
1. Direction
Non-Procedural language directs the computer what to do not and how to do.
2. Learning
It is easy to learn.
3. Debugging
It is easy to debug.
4. Requirement
It requires a few non-procedural instructions.
5. Uses
It can be used professional and non-technical users.
6. Orientation
It is typically database-oriented.
7. Capabilities
Non-procedural language provides less programming capabilities.
Sunday, September 28, 2008
Difference between Low-Level & High-Level Language
High-level Language
1. Learning
High-level languages are easy to learn.
2 Understanding
High0level languages are near to human languages.
3. Execution
Programs in high-level languages are slow in execution.
4. Modification
Programs in high-level languages are easy to modify.
5. Facility at hardware level
High-level languages do not provide much facility at hardware level.
6. Knowledge of hardware Deep
Knowledge of hardware is not required to write programs.
7. Uses
These languages are normally used to write application programs.
Low-level languages
1. Learning
Low-level languages are difficult to learn.
2 Understanding
Low-level languages are far from human languages.
3. Execution
Programs in low-level languages are fast in execution.
4. Modification
Programs in low-level languages are difficult to modify.
5. Facility at hardware level
Low-level languages provide facility to write programs at hardware level.
6. Knowledge of hardware Deep
Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write programs.
7. Uses
These languages are normally used to write hardware programs.
1. Learning
High-level languages are easy to learn.
2 Understanding
High0level languages are near to human languages.
3. Execution
Programs in high-level languages are slow in execution.
4. Modification
Programs in high-level languages are easy to modify.
5. Facility at hardware level
High-level languages do not provide much facility at hardware level.
6. Knowledge of hardware Deep
Knowledge of hardware is not required to write programs.
7. Uses
These languages are normally used to write application programs.
Low-level languages
1. Learning
Low-level languages are difficult to learn.
2 Understanding
Low-level languages are far from human languages.
3. Execution
Programs in low-level languages are fast in execution.
4. Modification
Programs in low-level languages are difficult to modify.
5. Facility at hardware level
Low-level languages provide facility to write programs at hardware level.
6. Knowledge of hardware Deep
Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write programs.
7. Uses
These languages are normally used to write hardware programs.
Saturday, September 27, 2008
What is Word Processing?
The process of creating documents before they are printed is called word processing. It includes creating and modifying text, graphics and picture etc. The process of creating and printing documents using personal computes is called desktop publishing. Typewriter was used for creating documents before computer. Only simple text could be written using typewrite. Picture and graphics were printed using the facilities of professional printers. Desktop publishing has made the process of printing documents very simple and easy. Personal computers are used to create documents. These documents can be printed using different types of printers. It takes less time and effort to publish documents.
Different programs are available to create high-quality documents. The user can create simple documents as well as complex and colorful pictures, graphics and charts.
Different programs are available to create high-quality documents. The user can create simple documents as well as complex and colorful pictures, graphics and charts.
What are functions of Operating system?
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
Operating system is a set of programs having following features:
1. It provides an interface or link bridge between a user and a computer.
2. It manages and looks after the computer hardware resources and their operations.
3. If operating system is not loaded on to we can not communicate with computer because there is no platform to communicate with computer.
4. Computer only understands low language operating system translates the user given instructions into computer language and convert computer given results in human readable form.
5. It provides CPU mangement also called process management.
6. It provides memory management.
7. It enable a computer to boot.
8. It provides disk or storage management.
9. It provides data manipulation.
10. It also provides networking facilities.
Operating system is a set of programs having following features:
1. It provides an interface or link bridge between a user and a computer.
2. It manages and looks after the computer hardware resources and their operations.
3. If operating system is not loaded on to we can not communicate with computer because there is no platform to communicate with computer.
4. Computer only understands low language operating system translates the user given instructions into computer language and convert computer given results in human readable form.
5. It provides CPU mangement also called process management.
6. It provides memory management.
7. It enable a computer to boot.
8. It provides disk or storage management.
9. It provides data manipulation.
10. It also provides networking facilities.
What is Opreating System?
OPERATING SYSTEM SOFT WARE:
An operating system is a special kind of software that behaves as an interface between user and computer. The software that enables communication between user and computer and controls all the internal functions of the computer is called Operating System.
OR
An integrated set of computer programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operations of computer system.
OR
A computer is digital electronic device. Hence to perform various operations and commands there is a need to have an organized set of instructions that may control the overall operations of the computer, and can translate the user given commands into machine understandable form. the kind of software that provides a link, between user and computer is known as Operating System.
OR
As soon as,BIOS finishes its task of Booting, it automatically switches control to another special piece of software, which is usually placed on the the computer's hard disk, floppy disk or CD. This most essential piece of software is called Operating System.
An operating system is a special kind of software that behaves as an interface between user and computer. The software that enables communication between user and computer and controls all the internal functions of the computer is called Operating System.
OR
An integrated set of computer programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operations of computer system.
OR
A computer is digital electronic device. Hence to perform various operations and commands there is a need to have an organized set of instructions that may control the overall operations of the computer, and can translate the user given commands into machine understandable form. the kind of software that provides a link, between user and computer is known as Operating System.
OR
As soon as,BIOS finishes its task of Booting, it automatically switches control to another special piece of software, which is usually placed on the the computer's hard disk, floppy disk or CD. This most essential piece of software is called Operating System.
What is Basic Architecture of Computer?
Basic Architecture of Computer System
The Basic architecture of computer differs from computer to computer but the basic organization remains the same for all computers.
There are basic part of computer which are given below.
Mother board:
The main circuit board on which main memory, external cards and CPU are mounted is called the motherboard.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Microprocessor of computer also called CPU. It is the brain of computer. Each CPU has a set of pins through which it communicate which it communicate with all other devices. CPU consist of tow units given below.
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
Cu (Control Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic and logic Unit)
This is the part of the CPU where all processing on data is performed. All the arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and logical operation such as greater then, less then and equality are performed in this part of the CPU.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit control the operation of the entire system. This unit does not process data. The program instruction are selected and fed into CPU from the storage area. And from there the signals are sent to other components to execute the task.
Memory
A component in the computer used for storing data is called memory.
There are two main types of memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory(ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is called the main memory of computer. It is also known as direct access memory, which means the every bit in memory is directly accessible. RAM is temporary memory. When the power is switched off all the data in ram is lost. So RAM is called volatile memory. RAM is circuitry board with no moving parts.
Types of RAM
There are two types of RAM
Static Ram
Dynamic Ram
Static RAM (SRAM)
Static Ram require more space and power the DRAM. But it is much faster then the DRAM, as it does not require to be refreshed again and again.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Dram is least expensive but it is very slow because it requires to be refreshed again and again.
WORKING OF RAM
All the program and data must be transferred to Ram from any device such as input or storage devices before it can be execute.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
The data stored in ROM is permanent. Once content stored in ROM can not be changed it can only be read by the users. If the power is switched off the data is not lost that is why it is know as nonvolatile memory. Mostly the information in ROM is stored by the manufacturers.
TYPES OF ROM
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
PROM
PROM stands for programmable read only memory. In this type of ROM user can write instruction but only once. If there is any error that can not be removed.
EPROM
EPROM stands for erasable programmable read only memory. User can erase instruction stored on EPROM and write new programs.
EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electronically Erasable programmable read only memory. In his type of ROM user can erase and write program using electrical pulses.
The Basic architecture of computer differs from computer to computer but the basic organization remains the same for all computers.
There are basic part of computer which are given below.
Mother board:
The main circuit board on which main memory, external cards and CPU are mounted is called the motherboard.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Microprocessor of computer also called CPU. It is the brain of computer. Each CPU has a set of pins through which it communicate which it communicate with all other devices. CPU consist of tow units given below.
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
Cu (Control Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic and logic Unit)
This is the part of the CPU where all processing on data is performed. All the arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and logical operation such as greater then, less then and equality are performed in this part of the CPU.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit control the operation of the entire system. This unit does not process data. The program instruction are selected and fed into CPU from the storage area. And from there the signals are sent to other components to execute the task.
Memory
A component in the computer used for storing data is called memory.
There are two main types of memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory(ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is called the main memory of computer. It is also known as direct access memory, which means the every bit in memory is directly accessible. RAM is temporary memory. When the power is switched off all the data in ram is lost. So RAM is called volatile memory. RAM is circuitry board with no moving parts.
Types of RAM
There are two types of RAM
Static Ram
Dynamic Ram
Static RAM (SRAM)
Static Ram require more space and power the DRAM. But it is much faster then the DRAM, as it does not require to be refreshed again and again.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Dram is least expensive but it is very slow because it requires to be refreshed again and again.
WORKING OF RAM
All the program and data must be transferred to Ram from any device such as input or storage devices before it can be execute.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
The data stored in ROM is permanent. Once content stored in ROM can not be changed it can only be read by the users. If the power is switched off the data is not lost that is why it is know as nonvolatile memory. Mostly the information in ROM is stored by the manufacturers.
TYPES OF ROM
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
PROM
PROM stands for programmable read only memory. In this type of ROM user can write instruction but only once. If there is any error that can not be removed.
EPROM
EPROM stands for erasable programmable read only memory. User can erase instruction stored on EPROM and write new programs.
EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electronically Erasable programmable read only memory. In his type of ROM user can erase and write program using electrical pulses.
Thursday, September 25, 2008
What is Microsoft Excel?
Excel is used for calculation in tabular form. The main window is called worksheet in Excel. It is divided into a row and columns. The intresection of a row and colunm is called cell.Cells contain the data ,text,and formulas used in calculation. Row are labeled by numbers(1,2,3.....)and colunms are labeled with leters (A,B,C..,AA,AB,AC...).Cells are then labeled with both the colunm, letters and row number in that order. A cell is selection (highlighted) by clicking the cursor on it. a cell which is selected at a given time cell is called the active cell.there are some essential features of Ms Excel.Many Toolbars displaying shortcut buttons are available to make editing and formatting quicker and easier in MS Excel.Excel provides an Undo feature , which is used to remove the effect of last action. Action can be done again by using Redo.Header feature is used to automatically display text at the top of each page. Footer is text that appeares at the bottom of each page. Autofill is the Excel feature that allows you to automatically fill cell with a series of numbers, datas ect. the use of Styles in Excel allows to quickly format a document with a consistent and professional look.Paragraph and character styles can be designed , saved, changed & deleted. Excel allows you to find a particular value or piece of text by using Find command. After you have found the word, it can be replaced by executing Replace commanf. Spelling and Grammar feature in Excel help th euser correct any mistakes made when typing in a sheet. Your misspelled words are highlighted. Spelling errors are highlighted bby red underline and gremmar errors by green underline.AutoFormat is a feature that automaticcally changes text as you type. A Template is a performatted document that serves as a madel for other documents. AutoShape toolbar alows you to draw many different geometrical shapes, arrows, chart symbols, stars, and banners on the worksheet. Excel allows you to keep track of cell addresses and to easily enter formula for performing calculations.Microsoft Excel has many built-in-functions. The function name tells Excel what calculation you want to perform. You can apply lengthy calculations on worksheet easily by using these functions. Sorting is the process of arranging your data in a particular order. You can sort the data in your worksheets in ascending or descending order. Charts are representation of your data. Excel provides different types of charts. These charts can be formatted , resized or moved. You can display the required data ina worksheet by using this feature.
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